Homeland Security stymied by shortage of UAV pilots

The Customs and Border Protection is relying more on unmanned aerial vehicles to patrol the U.S. borders, but the bureau has had trouble finding trained pilots to remotely fly the aircraft, a Homeland Security Department official told Congress on Thursday.

The use of UAVs has expanded from primarily the military to homeland security, with CBP using the vehicles to scan the border for illegal immigrants and to support disaster relief operations. DHS patrols parts of both the southern and northern U.S. land borders as well as the maritime border, armed with long-range detection and tracking capabilities. CBP plans to steadily expand their use in coming years, and the Coast Guard also is investigating how it can use the aircraft.

"The greatest near-term challenge faced is a shortage of pilots and sensor operators, specifically pilots certified to launch and land the aircraft," said Maj. Gen. Michael Kostelnik, assistant commissioner of CBP's Air and Marine Office. "There is a significant amount of competition among the DoD, industry and DHS to hire [UAV] pilots." He testified before the House Subcommittee on Border, Maritime and Global Counterterrorism.

DHS operates the unmanned vehicles from four control stations in Riverside, Calif.; Sierra Vista, Ariz.; Grand Forks, N.D.; and Cape Canaveral, Fla.

To date, CBP has acquired seven aircraft, and has included funding for an eighth in its fiscal 2011 budget request. On June 23, the Federal Aviation Administration approved the flight of a UAV over 1,200 miles of the Texas-Mexico border, which allowed CBP to move forward with plans to permanently station one in the state and establish an additional control site at the Naval Air Station in Corpus Christi, Texas.

"The limits aren't related to the aircraft right now. It's really the pilots -- the manned portion" of the program, said Kostelnik, who added two pilots should be stationed at the control station to support each aircraft.

In fiscal 2009, CBP received funds to hire 24 pilots. Of those hired, only a few had significant experience with unmanned aerial systems, he said. The others currently are being trained. CBP doesn't plan to hire additional pilots in fiscal 2011 except to replace any pilots who retire, Kostelnik added.

"UAVs are a force multiplier for our federal, state and local law enforcement as they provide the intelligence to help detect, disrupt and dismantle unlawful activity along our borders," said subcommittee Chairman Henry Cuellar, D-Texas. "[But] training pilots to fly these [vehicles] at home has proved difficult at a time when similar aircraft are being used in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. We need to examine the challenges of training these pilots, the time it takes and what the necessary means are for fulfilling the future of this program."

A number of subcommittee members encouraged Defense and DHS to share resources to support both departments UAV programs. Kostelnik conceded the recent establishment of a UAV executive steering committee with representatives from Defense, FAA, Homeland Security and NASA should address the need for governmentwide access to pilots and other resources.